Computational modeling and experimental validation for developed non-hormonal in-situ reversible cervical contraceptive plugs

BACKGROUND: Contraception remains crucial for preventing unintended pregnancies and managing population growth. Reported side effects and limitation associated with hormonal contraceptives have driven increased research towards non-hormonal contraceptive options. METHODS: reversible cervical plug containing spermicidal agents. The plug acts as a physical barrier blocking the sperm cells and combination of glibenclamide and nano-copper oxide (NCO) acts as a chemical spermicidal agent, instantly killing the sperm cells coming in contact. NCO was synthesised using a muffle furnace and characterised by particle size zeta potential. Surface morphology was studies using SEM and EDX. RESULTS: The synthesised NCO had average particle sizes of 482.7 nm and revealed formation of regular polyhedral shapes in SEM images. Molecular docking showed superior binding affinity of glibenclamide (-9.8 kcal/mol) in comparison to nonoxynol-9. The cervical plug demonstrated rapid gelation within 3 min, sustained gel stability for 4 h, and 99% drug release in 16 min. CONCLUSIONS: studies achieved 100% contraception without mucosal irritation, and fertility was restored post study. Stability studies indicated robust formulation properties. The developed cervical plug offers a non-hormonal contraceptive option that is reversible, effective, and safe.