Empowering earthquake risk management: a proposal for incorporating TQM (total quality management) into disaster reduction and recovery

Earthquakes are relatively low-frequency, yet high-consequence events for most countries. However, generating awareness for pre-disaster preparedness for earthquakes is a critical challenge. In this article, we argue that earthquake risk management should be conceptualised as a continuous learning process, framed through a Total Quality Management (TQM) or Plan–Do–Check–Act (PDCA) cycle. The post-disaster recovery process must therefore be deliberately designed not only to reduce future risks but also to enhance awareness and resilience of communities and nations. Risk assessment is a critical element which needs to be co-designed with diverse stakeholders so that scientific knowledge is translated into actionable solutions that are legitimate, feasible and socially accepted. Urban de- and re-planning becomes important, and a strong political commitment is required for it. Awareness raising through education and early childhood education becomes critical for developing a culture of safety. Early response requires decision-making tools using smart and new technologies. And, for the affected people, recovery starts from day 1 of the disaster. To enhance continuous learning, we propose that a TQM approach, in which lessons from past earthquakes are systematically captured, reflected upon and incorporated, could be instructively employed for building greater resilience and better preparedness.