Lipid peroxidation as a driver of oxidative and neuroinflammatory damage in ocular disease: review and perspectives

Context: Lipid peroxidation (LPO) causes oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in eye diseases. Malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal are produced in the eye via polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation. Objective: Electrophiles damage biological components. LPO damages the retina and optic nerve, causing age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Materials and Methods: LPO also causes cataracts and dry eye in the anterior area. It also stimulates NLRP3 and NF-κB pathways, causing inflammation. Results: Electrophiles damage biological components. LPO damages the retina and optic nerve, causing age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. LPO also causes cataracts and dry eye in the anterior area. It also stimulates NLRP3 and NF-κB pathways, causing inflammation. Conclusion: Understanding how lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation interact is crucial to developing effective eye health and vision loss therapies.