The TOT-object paradigm: towards a greater understanding of speech disfluencies during tip-of-the-tongue states in older adults
Abstract
Existing literature on speech disfluencies in healthy aging often categorizes them as indicators of word-finding difficulties, yet disfluencies can arise from multiple sources. To isolate those specifically linked to word-form retrieval failure, this study used the Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) Object Paradigm, a controlled task designed to elicit TOT states under well-defined conditions. Twenty-seven younger (
Fields of Study & Subjects
Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Memory Processes and Influences
Stuttering Research and Treatment
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 120–141
- Publication date
- 28 January 2026
- Language
- EN