The state of the art of environmental impact assessment (EIA)

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) continues to evolve in response to new environmental, social, and regulatory challenges. The aim of this paper is to provide a current perspective on the state of the art of EIA in terms of practice and effectiveness. This is achieved through a literature review and SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats). Results show that EIA practice is globally established, with over 190 countries maintaining some form of EIA legislation, supported by growing numbers of professional networks and best practice guidelines. On effectiveness, while strengths include legal frameworks and institutional maturity, weaknesses, such as poor follow-up, limited stakeholder engagement, and political interference persist. Opportunities lie in leveraging technology, enhancing communication, and strengthening participatory approaches. However, streamlining pressures, political and development agendas, and substitution by other instruments remain significant threats.