Teaching environmental impact assessment in 2025: a state-of-the-art review

This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) teaching literature from 2012 to 2025, applying a SWOT framework to assess current practices and future directions. Drawing on a systematic literature review, it highlights key strengths, including pedagogical diversity, integration of theory and practice, and alignment with international best practice. Nonetheless, persistent weaknesses, such as disjointed curricula, limited incorporation of sustainability principles, and low levels of research engagement, impede the effectiveness of EIA teaching. Opportunities for advancement include interdisciplinary expansion, pedagogical innovation, and stronger links to professional practice. At the same time, threats such as institutional fragmentation, legislative risks, and disciplinary ambiguity pose challenges to EIA teaching. Notably, the literature reveals a lack of engagement with emerging challenges such as artificial intelligence (AI) and global disruptions, underscoring the need for more forward-looking and adaptive EIA teaching frameworks.