Designing inclusive co-creation: a conjoint analysis of citizen preferences

This study contributes to the growing literature on inclusivity and underrepresentation in co-creation by employing a conjoint experiment with Belgian citizens (N = 1,119) on four design characteristics: participation channel, level, impact, and phase. The channel appeared to be the most influential characteristic, and highlights the positive effect of hybrid participation channels, local governance levels, and the co-deciding phase for the general population. The subgroup analysis exhibited that those with low political interest and low motivation expressed stronger preferences for digital participation compared to their counterparts. Individuals with lower levels of education demonstrated a stronger preference for analogue participation than their counterparts.