Cultural integrity, morality and social critique: an ethnographic study of Efik-Akata satirical songs

Akata is a nocturnal masquerade in Efik communities that serves as a form of community policing. The performance is expressed through songs, often infused with satire directed at individuals and established authorities. However, contemporary influences from Western and Arabic religions, including education, have gradually eroded interest in this indigenous practice. This study aims to examine Akata songs from an ethnopragmatic perspective, exploring their culturally embedded meanings and subjective interpretations. To gather data ethnographically, the study employed semi-structured interviews and informal conversations with 20 participants, including both initiates and non-initiates of the group in Ikot Oyom, Akpabuyo Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. The findings indicate that Akata songs are socially constructed to reflect the values and ideologies of the Efik indigenous community. These songs function as social commentary on communal life, addressing themes related to maintaining law, order, and morality. They are specifically used to critique social and moral failings. The study concludes that Akata songs serve as a cultural medium through which the group expresses its sentiments, asserts agency, and challenges unacceptable social and moral behaviours. In this way, the songs act as a powerful instrument for reinforcing cultural integrity, social cohesion, and ethical values.