Importance of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by Leishmania species: a state of art review and future prospects

INTRODUCTION: Infections caused by different Leishmania species are considered as neglected diseases and are prevalent in many tropical and temperate regions worldwide. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) transport different nanoparticles for extracellular medium as enzymes, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and others for cellular metabolic activities. However, the precise role of EVs in infections caused by Leishmania species is not totally established. This article revised the significance of EVs in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment strategies for the different forms of leishmaniasis. AREAS COVERED: EVs of Leishmania spp. may be considered as potential drug targets in treatment, as they can encapsulate small molecules or drugs for more effective delivery to specific cells or tissues. The perspectives on EVs research in Leishmania facilitate the understanding of the role of these nanoparticles in parasite-host interactions and the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, as vaccine development, and enhancing drug delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION: The knowledge of the participation of EVs in Leishmania species offers opportunities to further our understanding in pathogenesis and in the development of innovative diagnostic tools and treatments and to explore new approaches to disease.