Net force analysis during streamlined glide, dolphin kick, and front crawl at high velocities in competitive swimming : implications for optimal propulsion timing
Abstract
. These intersection points indicate the optimal timing for initiating propulsive actions to minimise deceleration during the post-start and post-turn phases. A conceptual model was proposed to explain the phase transition strategy based on velocity-dependent net force profiles. Although individual variation was observed, most swimmers exhibited similar trends, supporting the applicability of the model. These findings provide a fluid mechanical perspective for optimising underwater strategies and may contribute to enhanced start and turn performance in competitive swimming.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Sports Performance and Training
Motor Control and Adaptation
Balance
Gait
and Falls Prevention
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Sports Biomechanics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Pages
- 1–20
- Publication date
- 23 February 2026
- Language
- EN