The pattern optimization of development zones in China: A dynamic exploration based on driving-factor analysis and spatial stratification

The rational construction of development zones is one of many effective ways to solve the problem of uncoordinated and imbalanced regional economic development. We analyse the spatiotemporal dynamics and drivers of 2046 development zones in China from 1984 to 2018 using ESTDA, standard deviation ellipse, and Geodetector – GWR models. Results reveal a north-westward shift in development centres, distinct clustering patterns, and increasing roles of natural and social factors. By distinguishing the spatial heterogeneity between national and provincial zones, we identify differentiated planning needs. This study provides empirical evidence and methodological advances for optimizing spatial layout in support of inclusive, sustainable development, aligning with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 8, 9, 10, and 11.