Deploying artificial intelligence in warfare and national security: A qualitative exploration of strategic implications for Pakistan

The study examines Pakistan's artificial intelligence (AI) strategy for national security and defence. It identifies AI trends and effects using qualitative data from 105 military, intelligence, cybersecurity, and government specialists. Thematic research indicates AI improves military decision-making, intelligence synthesis, surveillance, and real-time risk assessment. Participants emphasised the importance of AI in military resource allocation, target precision, predictive analytics for terrorist activities, and border security. The findings reveal that AI enhances operational efficiency by improving situational awareness, threat detection, and reducing human error. Specialists are debating the ethical and strategic implications of algorithmic responsibility and autonomous weapon systems. Many consider the absence of institutional and legal frameworks for AI in defence a significant policy gap. AI may improve digital protective layers while rendering them more vulnerable to attacks. Due to inadequate training facilities and talent development, shortages in domestic AI research and military innovation capabilities are prevalent. Experts recommended investing in AI-driven defensive ecosystems, ethical protections, and localised AI procedures. The findings suggest that AI could transform Pakistan’s military strategy with adequate leadership, preparation, and ethical considerations.