Effective removal of crystal violet by ligno-cellulosic material and its acid-treated form: characterization, experiments, and modeling

Lignocellulosic materials, such as bamboo leaves and their acid-treated forms, were used as adsorbents to remove the azo dye Crystal Violet (CV) from the aqueous systems. Scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area analysis were employed to characterize the adsorbents. Each experiment aimed to ascertain the effects of different physical variables. Several kinetic models have been applied to fit the kinetic data, of which the pseudo-2nd-order kinetics is the best fit. CV removal (%) is achieved at roughly 97%. PBL has a higher qmax (166 mg/g at 298 K) than other adsorbents. The Langmuir model is more accurate than the Freundlich and Temkin models. The qmax (Langmuir) data order is significantly increased, i.e., PBL > SBL > BL. The thermodynamic parameters reflect disorder, spontaneity, and a heat-absorbing nature. The investigational data have been examined successfully using a genetic algorithm (GA) and multiple polynomial regression (MPR). The adsorbent’s performance in actual industrial effluents (including reductions in COD, BOD, TDS, turbidity, and color) demonstrates its economic feasibility compared with commercial activated carbon, thereby enhancing the practical relevance of the study.