Integrated Approaches for Attenuation of Cr(VI) Toxicity in Chromite Mine Waste

Chromium mining and extraction generate large amounts of solid and liquid wastes, contributing to overburden accumulation in mining regions. Leaching of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), a highly toxic and mobile heavy metal, contaminates soil systems, leading to plant bioaccumulation and transfer through the food chain. This contamination poses serious carcinogenic and health risks to plants, animals, and human populations in mining and industrial areas. This review focuses on Cr+6 speciation and examines its sequestration through soil plant microbe interactions using emerging bioremediation strategies. Studies documenting Cr+6 contamination in mining areas and associated mitigation techniques supported by experimental findings and relevant literature are critically analyzed. The roles of biosorbents, detoxifying enzymes, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and integrated technological approaches in Cr+6 detoxification are discussed. Additionally, the review highlights advancements in nanotechnology, green remediation methods, synthetic biology, microbiome engineering, systems biology, and in silico genomic tools that offer sustainable and efficient solutions for reducing Cr+6 toxicity at mining sites. Using the Sukinda chromite mining region of Odisha, India, as a model, this review aims to provide insight into the challenges and innovations in Cr+6 remediation. The intended outcome is to support improved environmental management and health protection strategies for communities impacted by chromite mining pollution.