A Comprehensive Review of Soil Pollution Indices and Human Health Risks from Heavy Metal Pollution

The heavy metal pollution of soil and water is an important issue for the environment and public health, since it is long-lasting, toxic, and bioaccumulative. The study is concentrated on three HHRA models: Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Cancer Risk (CR). The paper also assesses shortcomings in the current exposure forecasting approaches to reflect actual exposure-response patterns as they might occur in the real world. The case-based evidence from industrial regions, including Peenya (Bengaluru), Peenya Industrial Area (Bengaluru), is suggested as a potential site for future research to apply and validate multidisciplinary approaches combining GIS, epidemiology, and pollution indices. The study has emphasized the need for a multidisciplinary approach that will integrate geographic mapping, socio-economic indicators, and health datasets. The review concludes that the resolution of pollution indexes can be strengthened and linked with the HHRA models in order to improve the prediction of risks and support the target mitigation strategies. The results offer useful insights for environmental scientists, public health professionals, and policy makers that minimize exposure to heavy metals and foster sustainable soil and water management.