Determinants of barriers to help-seeking in women with substance use disorder in Pakistan

The substance use disorder in Pakistan is a significant problem that remains under-researched and it is caused by strong cultural and religious traditions. In spite of the severe psychological and social effects, a considerable number of women are blocked by several factors that deprive them of a chance to address the problem in a timely manner. So, the present study aimed to find the determinants of barriers to help seeking in women with substance use disorder in Pakistan. The study used phenomenological approach along with interpretative phenomenology analysis to analyze the data. The participants (N = 12) were recruited through snowball sampling strategy. The results revealed three master themes: a) cultural and religious barriers, b) institutional and structural limitations, and c) interpersonal challenges. Under cultural and religious barriers, the subthemes included externalized stigma and shame, gender expectations and norms, and religious misinterpretations. Institutional and structural limitations comprised a lack of gender-sensitive treatment services and awareness, and a lack of integration with mental health services. Finally, interpersonal challenges encompassed emotional turmoil and a lack of family support. It was concluded that there is an urgent need for gender-responsive, culturally sensitive, and family-inclusive strategies to improve access to treatment for women with substance use disorder in Pakistan.