Assessing Digital-AI learning metacognition competencies in smart school principals: adaptation and validation of a new Metacognitive Stewardship Scale

Digital-AI metacognitive learning competencies are becoming essential for educational leadership in smart schools. However, few tools assess principals’ adaptive metacognitive stewardship in AI- and digitally integrated environments. This methodological study aimed to develop and validate the Digital-AI Learning Metacognition Stewardship Scale (LMS) for secondary school principals. Data from 630 principals were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Five dimensions emerged: Cognitive Navigation in Technological Ecosystems, Strategic Reflectiveness, Cognitive–Ethical Responsiveness, Capacity-Building Commitment, and Metacognitive Regulation. Model fit indices, reliability coefficients, and validity measures were all acceptable. The scale also showed measurement invariance across gender. The LMS is a valid and reliable tool for assessing leadership metacognition in Digital-AI learning contexts. It can inform professional development, educational innovation, and policymaking in smart education settings.