Inoculation theory as a design approach to game-based misinformation interventions: a review

Misinformation has been demonstrated to pose a great risk to society, demanding action from policymakers and educators. Inoculation theory is a theory of resistance to influence, which in recent years has been a foundational theory for game-based interventions against misinformation. While many game-based interventions have been found to be efficacious, there is a lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms which make them work. This review critically engages with the current state of game-based misinformation interventions, identifies gaps in game design and research, and investigates the relationship between inoculation theory and game design. We find that homogeneity in design has left some areas of game design underexplored, and discussion surrounding game design decisions—particularly the integration of inoculation theory components—is often superficial. We call for further research understanding the efficacy of different game designs and design processes, and more discussion of how inoculation mechanisms can be stimulated in game-based contexts.