Cost comparison of hydrogen in land: Gas, liquid, ammonia, methanol

Due to the low volumetric energy density of hydrogen, its storage and transportation costs remain high. Many methods including compression, liquefaction, and conversion into hydrogen-containing compounds can significantly enhance its volumetric energy density. The selection of an appropriate storage and transportation method depends on a comprehensive cost assessment across different application scenarios. This study systematically analyzes the costs of four common hydrogen storage and transportation methods: compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2), liquid hydrogen (LH2), liquid ammonia (LNH3), and methanol. The results indicate that for the storage and transportation of 100 tons of hydrogen, CGH2 is suitable for distances within 1200 kilometers. Beyond this distance, LH2 is relatively economical within a limited storage period (~20 days), and if associated with re-liquefication LH2 is economical over 1200 kilometers. In addition, the strategy of LH2 stored at the point of use is the most economical for long-distance transportation.