A start-stop transient-optimized energy management for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles with equivalent factor self-tuning

This study presents a Start-Stop Transient-Optimized Management Strategy (STMS) for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs), addressing the critical challenge of fuel cell degradation during start-stop cycles. The proposed framework integrates lithium-ion battery assistance with an innovative Transient-Optimized Equivalent Consumption Strategy， dynamically adjusted through online updates. By incorporating start-stop penalty factors into the equivalent consumption minimization strategy and employing sequential quadratic programming optimization, the solution achieves optimal hydrogen consumption under nonlinear constraints. Key innovations include an adaptive energy management system that synchronizes battery state-of-charge (SOC) reference trajectories with the remaining electric range, and a novel power variation penalty mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate remarkable improvements: at SOC0 = 0.6, STMS reduces hydrogen consumption by 19.11% and 21.58% compared to conventional CD/CS and ECMS approaches, respectively, with even greater gains (36.78% and 29.87%) at SOC0 = 0.45. The strategy simultaneously minimizes start-stop events by 47–53% across operating conditions while marginally enhancing fuel cell efficiency. This breakthrough enables real-time optimization of both fuel economy and fuel cell durability.