Golgi fragmentation driven by the USP11-ITCH axis triggers autolysosomal failure in neurodegeneration

Golgi fragmentation is a prominent early hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), yet the shared molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. Here we identify the E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH as a central regulator of Golgi integrity and proteostasis. Elevated ITCH disrupts both cis- and trans-Golgi networks, dislocates lysosomal hydrolase sorting factors, and impairs maturation of hydrolases. The ensuing lysosomal dysfunction leads to autophagosome accumulation and defective clearance of accumulated cytoplasmic toxic proteins like TARDBP/TDP-43. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of ITCH restores autolysosomal degradation and protects neurons in both mammalian and Drosophila models. Aberrant buildup of the deubiquitinase USP11 drives ITCH accumulation, intensifying neuronal proteotoxic stress in individuals with AD and ALS. These findings reveal a mechanistic pathway connecting Golgi disorganization, autolysosomal impairment, and proteotoxic stress in neurodegeneration.