Toward a better “last-mile”: Non-motorized transportation behavior analyzed based on the Rasch model

Understanding last-mile non-motorized travel (NMT) choices in Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) contexts is essential for advancing sustainable urban mobility systems. This study empirically investigates the differential impacts of socio-demographic characteristics, built-environment configurations, and trip purposes on NMT modality preferences for last-mile connectivity in Chengdu, China. A multi-scenario stated preference experiment (N = 863 valid responses) was systematically conducted using computer-assisted personal interviews. Rasch modeling measured individuals’ capability to cope with environmental disutility, while regression analyses identified key determinants. Results indicate that walking distance emerged as the primary determinant of modal selection, with distances beyond 400 meters significantly reducing the propensity to walk. Land use composition, particularly green spaces (positively) and commercial zones (negatively), significantly modulates NMT preferences. Road discontinuity and higher speed limits deter pedestrians compared to cyclists. Higher education and environmental awareness promote NMT, yet an attitude-behavior gap sustains motorized transportation use. Notably, commuting purposes introduce divergent behavioral patterns, with motorized modes favored for efficiency-driven work trips. Policy implications emphasize compact TOD design to minimize travel distances, strategic land-use diversification, and equity-focused interventions for vulnerable groups. Methodologically, this study pioneers the application of the Rasch model in travel behavior research, providing a robust framework to disentangle contextual decision-making dynamics.