A digital twin framework for enhancing building maintainability during the design process in architectural design firms in Egypt

Building maintainability (BM) is often overlooked within the design process (DP), leading to higher costs and reduced building performance. In Egypt, this challenge is intensified by the limited implementation of Digital Twin (DT) technology, which provides real-time data integration and Insightful forecasts that can enhance BM. However, implementation faces technical, financial, cultural, and regulatory barriers. This study aims to develop a framework for overcoming the challenges of integrating DT technology into DP in Architectural Design Firms (ADFs) in Egypt, to enhance BM, promote sustainability, and drive digital transformation in construction. A mixed-methods research approach was employed, comprising a comprehensive literature review, three case studies evaluating the impact of DT on BM, and an online survey targeting Egyptian ADFs to capture their perceptions and identify key challenges. Findings revealed key BM challenges, including abstract maintainability concepts, short-term design focus, and weak enforcement of building codes, alongside DT challenges, including lack of awareness, limited knowledge sharing, and skill shortages. The proposed framework addresses these barriers, promoting proactive BM, cost efficiency, and improved building performance. This research fills a gap in construction literature by offering a context-specific model for early DT adoption in design, supporting Egypt’s sustainable development and digital transformation objectives.