Perspectives on the resilience of existing bridges to short- and long-term impacts of climate change

Climate change poses escalating risks to bridge infrastructure, with short-term hazards – such as flash floods, scour, snowfall, wildfires and windstorms – interacting with long-term stressors like corrosion and thermal effects to compromise safety and functionality. The paper synthesises interdisciplinary research on these challenges, and highlights actionable adaptation strategies to enhance resilience at both asset and network levels. Two critical yet often overlooked dimensions in resilience-based bridge management are emphasised: the unique challenges of adapting heritage bridges, and the integration of human-centered approaches. These dimensions, supported by emerging digital technologies such as digital twins, IoT-enabled monitoring and AI-driven predictive tools, contribute to both the resilience and social sustainability of bridge infrastructure. By integrating technical, cultural and social considerations, the paper provides a foundational perspective for rethinking current design, preservation and maintenance practices, and for advancing infrastructure that is not only resilient to physical stressors but also socially sustainable amid accelerating climate challenges.