Factors affecting the participation of young people with intellectual disabilities in leisure time activities: investigation of supporting and hindering factors

This qualitative study examined the factors that hinder and facilitate the participation of young people with intellectual disabilities (ID) in leisure activities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten young people and their parents; the data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed internal and external barriers in mutual interaction. Internal barriers included low motivation, personal preferences/psychological states, and low self-confidence. External barriers were identified as health problems, limited family/social support, time constraints, sparse peer networks, lack of programmes/planning, negative social attitudes, transportation/access difficulties, and lack of information. Facilitators include respect for autonomy and preferences, offering engaging activities aligned with interests and abilities, and motivation/incentives. From a biopsychosocial and support-based perspective, “internal” characteristics are considered personal-adaptive traits shaped by context and modifiable through instruction, coaching, and feedback; “external” barriers are considered environmental demand-opportunity structures that can be transformed through design, policy, and support. Implications for practice include tailoring programmes to young people’s interests and profiles, strengthening family and community support, reducing stigma, and addressing practical access barriers. Overall, individualized and coordinated supports that enhance person-environment fit promote inclusive and meaningful leisure participation and social integration.