Enhanced thermal transport analysis of electromagnetic hybrid nanofluid flow in a variable Darcy porous medium with mixed convection and Thompson–Troian slip

This work examines thermal transport of electrohydromagnetic (EMHD) hybrid nanofluid flow (HNF) through a variable Darcy regime. The flow is affected by suction and blowing effects when flowing on the surface of a sheet in combination of mixed convective effects. Additionally, the Thompson and Troian slip constraints are applied at the surface. The solution has been evaluated through the use of the bvp4c approach in dimensionless form. It is highlighted in this work that velocity and thermal profiles are enhanced by augmentation in convection, electric, porous, slip and radiation factors. Electric field and slip reduce resistance, improving streamline alignment and flow. Validation through comparison with established studies confirms the accuracy and reliability of the obtained results. Skin friction and Nusselt number rise with electromagnetic and thermal effects, especially in the hybrid nanofluid. The findings of this work significantly enhance the understanding of coupled electromagnetic, porous media and slip effects on hybrid nanofluid transport. Scientifically, they provide a realistic framework for analyzing non-linear heat transfer mechanisms. From an engineering perspective, the study offers guidance for designing efficient thermal systems with improved heat transfer, reduced energy consumption and better flow control in advanced technologies.