The impact of nature-based physical activity on mental well-being: a phenomenological investigation

Mental health is a global concern, yet access to care remains limited. Nature-based physical activity (NBPA) interventions support traditional mental health services by promoting mental well-being. However, traditional theories such as stress reduction theory, psycho-evolutionary theory and self-determination theory do not fully explain NBPA’s benefits due to their dualist perspective (mind is separate from body and humans are separate from nature) and neglect of the benefits of the natural world’s unpleasant aspects. In recent years, researcher have proposed an ecological theory that critiques dualism and accepts that difficulties may also be beneficial. This hermeneutic phenomenological study investigated the lived experience of how NBPA enhances mental well-being. Interviews were conducted with ten co-researchers who regularly engaged in NBPA and reported mental well-being benefits. Thematic analysis revealed three key themes: Perceptual Richness, Danger and Discomfort, and Unification. These findings suggest that mental well-being benefits arise from an embodied human–nature relationship. Traditional theories offer partial explanations, suggesting that a unique combination of factors influences co-researcher experiences. The findings indicate NBPA intervention design should adopt an ecological framework. Future research should investigate the ecological framework and measure NBPA’s impact on reducing mental health demands.