Understanding women experiences, perceptions and gender dynamics in surfing: an ecological approach

This study explores the experiences, perceptions and gender dynamics of women surfers in Portugal through a qualitative multi-method approach. Guided by Bronfen­brenner’s ecological model, it examines how factors at the individual, inter­personal, organizational and sociocultural levels shape women’s experiences in surfing. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus groups and participant-generated drawings. The sample included eight coaches (five men, three women) and 21 athletes (13 men, eight women). Girls’ embodied connections with the ocean contrast sharply with external perceptions. The relationships with family, peers, and coaches enable access. While school nautical programs serve as crucial entry points, persistent gendered hierarchies in competition and sponsorship continue to limit women’s visibility and advancement. Surfing culture remains structured by hegemonic masculinity, which dominates physical spaces (e.g. lineup) and symbolic spaces (e.g. sexual objectification). This study provides a comprehensive understanding of gender dynamics in surfing and highlights the need for strategies to promote equity.