The role of batokines in metabolism and their therapeutic potential

INTRODUCTION: Interlinkage between lipid and carbohydrate metabolism remains a key focus of research into the pathogenesis and novel management of obesity-related conditions like Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM), dyslipidaemia, and Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD). The activity of Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) unifies these two facets of metabolism and holds great therapeutic potential. AREAS COVERED: Through a brief narrative review of the current literature using Pubmed, with the search terms 'batokines,' 'metabolism' and 'obesity,' we outline the diverse effects of batokines on metabolism, BAT functioning, and metabolic signaling pathways. We explore a future role of batokines in the management of obesity and T2DM, as a biomarker for BAT activity and predictor and monitor of therapeutic response to future novel mitochondrial uncoupling therapies. EXPERT OPINION: Through its key role in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates, the mechanisms of BAT activation shed light on the complex mechanisms that interlink obesity with T2DM and other dysmetabolic conditions. Signaling biomolecules derived from BAT ('batokines') regulate the metabolic functioning of white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, including glucose, lipid and protein metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure. Insights into batokine physiology will guide the next generation of therapies for obesity and its related dysmetabolic conditions.