Preliminary profiling of miswak ( Salvadora persica ) wood extractives obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction

Miswak (Salvadora persica L.) wood is traditionally used for oral hygiene, but its rich chemical profile suggests broader potential in renewable material applications. In this study, miswak wood extractives were obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction using an ethanol water solvent system. It was selected as a low-impact approach due to its short processing times, mild temperature and use of mild, recoverable solvents. Extraction environmental performance indicators were expressed as the simple environmental factor and energy demand. The chemical and functional characteristics of the extractives were evaluated by total phenolic and flavonoid content, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectral profiling. The confirmed profile and bioactivity, with the basic environmental performance indicators, provide a minimal set of parameters to support the valorisation of wood extractives in bio-based wood protection applications.