MicroRNAs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive malignancy requiring improved early diagnosis and prognostic assessment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, have emerged as promising biomarkers for ESCC. We conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed for studies published up to 2025. While miRNA profiles in ESCC tissues show significant associations with lymphatic dissemination, tumor progression, and patient survival, clinical translation remains limited by issues of sensitivity, specificity, and standardization. This review summarizes current knowledge on miRNA expression in ESCC, focusing on lymphatic dissemination and prognostic implications. We also explore circulating miRNAs as minimally invasive tools for early detection and treatment monitoring. By integrating recent findings, this article provides a critical overview of miRNA-based biomarkers to improve early diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic decision-making in ESCC.