Exploring the impact of materials and resources factors on building sustainability in Kazakhstan: a survey and structural equation modelling approach

Construction is a highly energy-intensive industry that accounts for one-third of global carbon dioxide emissions. Materials and Resources (MR) are essential components in the construction process, involving the extraction, manufacture, transportation, and disposal of construction materials, which all contribute to excessive energy consumption and emission generation. Hence, it is imperative to mitigate the impact of these construction-associated activities on the environment. This paper explores the influence of various MR factors on building sustainability. The research was conducted in Kazakhstan, specifically focusing on a survey of construction experts from diverse backgrounds who specialize in conventional residential high-rise buildings. Factor analysis was employed to identify the underlying structure of observed variables. A set of hypotheses developed was tested by partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis to derive relationship patterns of latent constructs. Findings highlight the importance of MR insights for policymakers and construction practitioners, particularly for developing strategies that enhance sustainability awareness and regulatory compliance. This research represents the first in-depth assessment of the MR component of green building certification in Kazakhstan, contributing essential knowledge for sustainable industry practices and future green construction initiatives.