Representative population distribution layer for Czechia: from methodology to automated solutions

Knowledge of the spatial distribution of the population is essential for planning, policy-making, and socio-economic research. The traditional use of population data, typically based on residence, provides a static and often distorted perspective, as it fails to account for population mobility, which significantly affects spatial and temporal patterns. This study implements a bottom-up aggregation of seven national registers and census-derived indicators to generate representative daytime and nighttime population layers at a 100 m grid for Czechia (demonstrated on the Olomouc Region). The workflow includes preprocessing to remove overlaps between sources, geocoding to address locations, and transforming the resulting population counts into a 100 m grid representation. The procedure is implemented in Python and released as an ArcGIS Pro toolbox. Validation against census data and mobile-network geolocation estimates showed that nighttime population was reproduced with satisfactory accuracy, while daytime deviations increased with settlement size due to employee-range uncertainty, yet remained within acceptable limits (