Targeting traumatic brain injury via novel tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives: in silico design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of dual NADPH oxidase 2 and 4 inhibitors

Aim The upregulation of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) contributes to traumatic brain injury (TBI)–induced oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. This study designed, synthesized, and evaluated 19 sulfonamide-substituted tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives as dual NOX2/NOX4 inhibitors.Materials and methods In silico studies used molecular docking and 100-ns molecular dynamics simulations with NOX2 crystal structure (PDB ID: 8WEJ) and AlphaFold-predicted NOX4 model (UniProt Q9NPH5). Compounds were synthesized via Borsche-Drechsel cyclization and evaluated in HL-60 cells using ELISA kits quantifying NOX, NOX2, and NOX4 protein levels.Results Docking identified N,9-diethyl-N-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-6-sulfonamide (B1) as lead (NOX2: −6.46 kcal/mol; NOX4: −5.66 kcal/mol), with π-cation (Arg513), hydrogen bonding (Arg446), and π-anion (Asp474) interactions. MD confirmed stability (RMSD ~0.2–0.3 nm, RMSF