Linking artisanal and small-scale mining waste to water insecurity: evidence from Songwe District in Southern Highlands, Tanzania

Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in the Songwe District of Southern Highlands, Tanzania, results in significant environmental and health issues, notably the pollution of water supplies from ore tailings. This study aimed to investigate the effects of mining tailings on household water quality and accessibility in Songwe District. A total of 253 participants, including 150 heads of households and 75 miners, participated in questionnaires, while 28 key informants were interviewed. Field observations were also used to solicit information for this study. The findings indicated that 77% of participants experienced declining water quality due to mine tailings, while 83% perceived their water as unsafe for drinking. The Chi-Square test revealed a significant correlation (p = 0.010) between mining activity and changes in water color. Additionally, 89% of participants stated their concerns about long-term health risks, and 84% reported taking extra measures to purify their water. These findings emphasize the need for improving mining waste management practices and improved environmental monitoring to safeguard water quality and human health in areas impacted by artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM).