An integrated survey-modelling-testing framework for seismic characterization of deep overburden: application to a high-altitude pumped storage project

The seismic response of deep overburden in high-altitude, high-seismicity regions critically impacts infrastructure safety. This study develops an integrated ‘Survey-Modelling-Testing’ (S-M-T) framework that contributes through three complementary dimensions: conceptual integration of multi-source data, rational decision logic for targeted testing, and demonstrable reduction in parameter uncertainty. Applied to the Taxkorgan Pumped Storage Project in China, the framework synergizes geological surveys, geophysical exploration, and 3D modelling to guide targeted physical and mechanical testing. Key findings show the S-M-T system enhances characterization efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Genetic mechanisms govern material behaviour, with lacustrine clay exhibiting cohesion of 15–18 kPa and friction angles of 31–35°, while alluvial gravelly sand shows higher friction angles of 28–35° with cohesion of 15–27 kPa.