Understanding aggressive driving: a dual-theory approach using the norm Activation model and the theory of planned behavior

This study integrates the Norm Activation Model (NAM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), along with two additional constructs – Multitasking While Driving (MWD) and Ego-Driven Driving Perception (EDDP) – to examine the psychological mechanisms underlying aggressive driving behaviors (ADB). A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among urban drivers in Tehran, Iran, using a convenience sampling strategy. The survey was distributed via social media platforms, and participation was voluntary, yielding 510 valid responses. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Results indicate that personal norms, influenced by awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility, reduce ADB, while attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms intensify it. Notably, EDDP, influenced by MWD, weakens ethical norms and increases aggression, highlighting the interplay between personal morality and self-perceived expertise in shaping driving behaviors, while offering useful insights for urban traffic safety policies and driver behavior interventions.