Research on cooperative alliance strategies and stability analysis of car-sharing under punishment mechanism

This paper addresses the low spatial adaptation efficiency between car-sharing enterprises and charging operators by constructing a coordination mechanism. First, comparing independent and cooperative decision-making reveals the profit advantages of collaboration. An evolutionary game model then explores how punishment mechanisms ensure alliance stability. Finally, a case study of a Xi’an car-sharing company validates the theory through simulations, demonstrating how internal penalties impact strategic choices and long-term stability. The findings of this study indicate that: (1) cooperative alliances yield higher profits than independent strategies, increasing overall industry revenue; (2) punishment mechanisms effectively enhance alliance stability; and (3) when punishment intensity exceeds speculative income, the system converges to (Active cooperation, Active cooperation). These results highlight the necessity of scientifically designed penalties and provide strategic guidance for enterprises and policy-making to promote the healthy development of the new energy car-sharing sector.