Seismic slope stability: a detailed review of recent advances in fundamental science, modelling and mitigation strategies

Seismic-induced slope failure is still a significant issue for geotechnical engineers in many mountainous and seismically active regions due to frequent triggering of landslides by earthquake-induced ground motions. Therefore, understanding the behaviour of slopes during dynamic loading is crucial to assess and mitigating the hazards of slope instability caused by earthquakes. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of recent studies on seismic slope stability; the focus of this review will be on factors that affect slope stability during an earthquake and how these factors are incorporated into analyses. In addition to providing a discussion of advancements made in the analysis methodologies used to evaluate slope stability, the development of seismic slope stabilization technologies is summarized. A literature search was conducted to identify papers published within the last twenty years (2000–2025) using the main academic databases (Scopus, ASCE Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar), which were then screened using titles, abstracts and full-text reviews to select relevant studies for inclusion in this review. Finally, the paper concludes with the identification of critical knowledge gaps and an outline of future directions for research to develop more accurate and uncertain seismic slope designs.