Effect of wall-material composition on physicochemical properties and bioactive retention of spray-dried mangosteen rind microcapsules

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) rind is a rich source of bioactive phenolics but is highly prone to degradation. This study evaluated the effect of wall-material composition on the physicochemical and functional properties of spray-dried mangosteen rind microcapsules. Maltodextrin was combined with gum Arabic, inulin, whey protein isolate (WPI), or soy protein isolate (SPI). Encapsulation yield ranged from 44.56% (maltodextrin 100%, M100) to 61.91% (80:20 maltodextrin:WPI, M80WPI20), while total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (IC50, ppm) were 41.68–46.16 mg GAE·g−1 and 55.39–96.23 ppm, respectively (p < .05). Carbohydrate-based carriers promoted better color and phenolic preservation, whereas protein-based systems enhanced drying efficiency. Correlation analysis revealed strong relationships (|r| ≥ 0.70) between physicochemical and functional properties. The maltodextrin – inulin blend (M80I20) exhibited the most balanced performance, combining high yield, strong antioxidant activity, and excellent color stability. This formulation provides a scalable strategy for producing stable, anthocyanin-rich functional powders.