Calcium carbide residue: a comprehensive review of past and future progress and potential prospects in eco-friendly cementitious binders

This study aims to comprehensively review recent trends in incorporating calcium carbide residue (CCR), a byproduct of acetylene gas manufacturing, into alkali-activated and cement-based composites, highlighting its potential in addressing the ecological implications of CO2 generation and the 2050 carbon reduction roadmap. Numerous studies have utilised CCR either as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) or as a solid alkaline activator. This study delves into the preparation methods, chemical composition and physical characteristics of CCR. It then explores the potential impact of CCR on the fresh and hardened characteristics of the resulting composites. The review outcomes indicate a synergic effect between the amount and fineness of CCR on the behaviour of the fabricated composites. When used as an SCM at a replacement level of around 15% by weight of cement, CCR has been shown to significantly enhance the mechanical performance of the composites. Additionally, CCR can be effectively employed as a solid alkaline activator for various SCMs, at a dosage of around 30% of the total binder weight. Finally, the study highlights areas where further research is needed to deepen the understanding of CCR’s role in green cementitious systems, thereby supporting both academic research and practical applications in the construction industry.