Advancing next-generation nanoparticles-based geopolymers: a scientometric analysis on strength and phase assemblage characteristics

The growing demand for sustainable construction materials has led to significant advancements in geopolymer technology, particularly with the incorporation of nanomaterials. Geopolymers, synthesised from aluminosilicate precursors and activated by alkaline solutions, offer superior mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and lower carbon emissions compared to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). However, challenges such as high porosity, weak interfacial bonding, and delayed strength gain limit their widespread application. Nanomaterials, including nano-silica, nano-titania, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), and nano-calcium carbonate, have emerged as promising additives to enhance the structural and durability properties of geopolymers. This review explores the influence of various nanomaterials on the mechanical, microstructural, and durability properties of geopolymer composites. The impact of nanomaterial dispersion, surface modification, and characterisation techniques such as SEM, TEM, AFM, and XRD on the performance of geopolymer composites is also discussed. Furthermore, the role of nanoparticles in refining the pore structure, improving interfacial transition zones, and accelerating geopolymerization is critically analysed. The review provides insights into optimising nanoparticle dosages, mitigating agglomeration issues, and improving industrial feasibility. The findings highlight the potential of nanotechnology in advancing geopolymer materials for sustainable construction applications while identifying key areas for future research and development.