Waning immunity and the future of booster vaccination strategies in global vaccine programs post COVID-19

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2026 Open access

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Authors: Rhitam Biswas, Aditi Roy, Titirsha Kayal, Soumya Basu, Soumyadip Ghosh, Sudha Ramaiah, Anand Anbarasu
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2026.2626088
Cited by: 12
References: 63

Abstract

The problem of waning immunity is a major global concern of vaccine programs, with immunity against diseases such as COVID-19 (reduction in efficacy by ~25% in six months), pertussis (waning in 4-12 y), and influenza (annual updates needed) expected to decrease with time. While boosters reduce serious results in high-risk categories, these effects are short-term (4-6 months) and encourage global imbalances, where low-income areas lag in primary vaccination (

Fields of Study & Subjects

Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research

Publication details

Journal / source
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Volume
22
Issue
1
Pages
2626088–2626088
Publication date
8 February 2026
Language
EN