Production constraints, farmer practices, and utilization of taro ( Colocasia esculenta ) in Southwest Ethiopia: implications for food security and genetic resource sustainability

Taro is an important root crop in Southwest Ethiopia, grown mainly by smallholder farmers. Despite its nutritional and economic value, it remains underutilized. This study examined production constraints, farming practices, and utilization patterns across the Jimma, Kefa, and Sheka zones using data from 201 households in 20 kebeles (the smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia, similar to a village or neighborhood). Production uses conventional methods, socio-economic limitations, and suitable agro-ecologies. Managed largely by middle-aged male farmers (75.12%), low female participation, high illiteracy (42.28%), large families, and low incomes (44.8%). Although taro performs well in midlands with favorable rainfall and loam soils, productivity is modest (4.76 t/ha) due to informal seed sources, low fertilizer use, and reliance on animal-drawn plowing. Taste and aroma are prioritized over yield. Postharvest losses vary by zone (χ2 = 34.65, p < 0.001), driven by sunlight, porcupines, and poor storage. Environmental and management factors explain 34% of loss variation (R2 = 0.34). Drought, pests, and weak markets accelerate genetic erosion (χ2 = 791.62, p < 0.001). Taro is used for food (56.7%), feed, medicine, and ornamentals, but oxalate and mucilage limit use. Farmers classify landraces by yield and taste and rely on cultural pest control. Strengthening agronomy, storage, pest management, conservation, value addition, and training is essential for improvement.