Implication of plant growth promoting microorganisms and nanofertilizer in millets: a review on growth promotion and crop improvement

Millets, characterized by their perseverance in diverse agroecological settings and nutritional significance, have gained prominence as a resilient approach to food security worldwide. This review delves into the implications of Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms (PGPM) and nanoparticles in millet agriculture, explicating their roles in growth promotion and crop improvement. In parallel, nanoparticles have emerged as promising tools in modern agriculture. Their unique physicochemical properties enable enhanced nutrient delivery, improved soil health, and mitigation of stress factors affecting the millet crop. Furthermore, nanoparticle utilization promotes sustainable farming practices by reducing the environmental footprint associated with chemical inputs. This review also emphasizes the significance of understanding the diversity of PGPM species allied with millets and the multifaceted factors influencing their performance across agroecosystems. Considering this, the combined application of PGPM and nanoparticles in millet cultivation represents a dynamic approach to managing the dual pressure of environmental change and population rise.