Motivational factors behind millet farming: a case study of Bandipur, Tanahun District of Nepal

Millet is a traditional crop in Nepal’s hill regions, providing food security, nutrition, and resilience to smallholder farming communities. This study investigates the motivational factors driving millet cultivation in Bandipur, Tanahun District, and examines how demographic characteristics influence farmers’ motivations. Data were collected from 2,342 randomly selected farmers using semi-structured interviews. Motivations were categorized using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs physiological, security, social, achievement, and self-actualization and measured on a 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics, Spearman rank correlation, and multiple linear regression were employed to identify patterns and determinants of motivation. Results indicate that physiological needs, including food, health, shelter, and children’s education, are the strongest drivers (mean = 13.88, SD = 1.15), followed by social interaction (mean = 5.55, SD = 1.20) and self-actualization (mean = 4.60, SD = 1.02). Security (mean = 2.60, SD = 1.08) and achievement (mean = 2.86, SD = 0.95) motivations are lower. Multivariate analysis shows that education, income, and farming experience significantly influence motivation: experienced farmers prioritize physiological needs, while educated and wealthier farmers emphasize social and security motivations. Age has minimal effect. The study contributes to understanding how multiple, overlapping needs shape smallholder crop choices and provides evidence for tailoring interventions. Programs that enhance food security, promote community engagement, support income generation, and recognize farmer contributions can strengthen motivation and sustain millet cultivation. Future research could explore youth participation, gender-specific motivations, and market-driven incentives for value-added millet products.