Open innovation ecosystems: a scoping review and conceptual model for sport management

Purpose/Rationale This paper maps and synthesises how Open Innovation Ecosystems (OIEs) are defined, structured, and governed in research literature, and explores their applicability to sport management. It aims to conceptualise OIEs, identify key actors and dynamics, and propose a model to support open innovation in sport organisations.Design/Methodology/Approach A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) five-stage framework and PRISMA-SCR guidelines. Forty-one peer-reviewed articles were selected based on a systematic search of three databases using the term “Open Innovation Ecosystem*”.Findings The scoping review identifies that OIEs can be conceptualised as collaborative, open, and orchestrated networks involving a multitude of actors. Based on the scoping review, the key elements of OIEs are identified and a two-phase conceptual model for OIEs in sport is proposed.Practical implications Sport organisations can apply the model to foster innovation in areas like fan engagement, athletic performance, and event management, by aligning roles, resources, and governance mechanisms within their networks.Research Contribution This study systematises knowledge on OIEs and offers a novel conceptual model for sport-based ecosystems.Originality/Value It is the first comprehensive review to bridge OIE theory with sport management, offering both scholarly insight and actionable strategies for ecosystem design.