Functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles improve iron status and alleviate iron deficiency anemia: Evidence from a comparative In vivo study

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains a prevalent global health concern, with conventional oral iron supplements often limited by poor bioavailability and adverse effects. In this study, magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were functionalized with ascorbic acid (IONP Asc) and folic acid (IONP FA) to enhance iron bioavailability and minimize systemic toxicity. The synthesized nanoconjugates exhibited particle sizes of 36.8–91 nm (IONP Asc) and 80.7 nm (IONP FA), with favorable zeta potentials and polydispersity indices, indicating colloidal stability. Structural and chemical characterizations using SEM, FTIR, DSC, and XRD confirmed successful conjugation and spherical morphology. Hemolysis assays demonstrated excellent hemocompatibility, while in vivo administration significantly improved hematological indices, including hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count. Biodistribution and histopathological evaluations of the liver, spleen, and kidneys revealed no adverse tissue alterations. These findings underscore the potential of IONP Asc and IONP FA as safe and effective nanotherapeutics for the management of IDA.