“ It’s a female penis ”: trans+people navigating cisheteronormativity in sexuality

Background The sexuality of trans + individuals has a long history of pathologization within medical and psychological discourse. Contemporary research describes trans sexuality as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon shaped by social contexts, personal meaning-making, and experiences of affirmation or stigma.Aims The aim of this study was to explore how trans + individuals experience and negotiate their sexuality within cisheteronormative frameworks, with particular attention to the ways participants describe sociocultural gender norms as shaping their understandings of sexual behavior, body image, and identity affirmation.Methods The study drew on semi-structured interviews with twelve White Polish trans + participants aged 20–53 living in Poland. The data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.Results Two overarching themes were identified: internalization and rejection of cisheteronormativity (CHN). Internalization involved fears of not “passing,” avoidance of sexual activity, and adherence to gendered sexual roles. Participants described struggles with defining sexual orientation and negotiating nonbinary embodiment in relation to normative expectations. In contrast, rejection of CHN was characterized by redefining bodies and sexual acts beyond binary gender meanings, focusing on personal pleasure, and establishing open communication with affirming partners. Some participants reframed dysphoria in terms of (dis)comfort, emphasizing bodily diversity and self-acceptance. The findings reveal that both internalization and rejection function as adaptive strategies for navigating sexual experiences and mitigating dysphoria.Discussion The study underscores the importance of affirming relationships, inclusive language, and culturally sensitive support for trans + individuals. Future research should examine cross-cultural differences and the role of partners in shaping trans + sexuality.