Integrating indigenous knowledge systems into entrepreneurial practices: a study of hunting and gathering in the wild coast

Introduction This study investigates the intersection of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) and entrepreneurial practices in hunting and gathering communities on the Wild Coast, South Africa. Indigenous groups face mounting pressure to preserve cultural traditions while engaging in modern economic systems. Examining how IKS aligns with entrepreneurial strategies is critical for advancing sustainable and inclusive livelihoods.Materials and Methods A qualitative design was employed, using five focus group discussions with six participants each (n = 30). Participants were purposively sampled to reflect diversity in gender, age and livelihood experience. Discussions explored cultural practices, economic activities and visions for the future. Data were transcribed, coded and analysed thematically to identify key patterns.Results Six interrelated themes emerged: connection to nature—survival strategies remain anchored in ecological stewardship. cultural practices and traditions—hunting, gathering and rituals reinforce community identity. Economic challenges and opportunities—participants cited limited resources and market access but identified eco-tourism and niche value chains as promising. knowledge sharing and education—oral traditions and intergenerational transfer of knowledge ensure cultural continuity. Resilience and adaptability—communities creatively adapt traditional practices to modern contexts. future aspirations and visions—participants seek to blend cultural heritage with entrepreneurial opportunities for long-term sustainability.Conclusion The findings underscore the enduring value of IKS in shaping entrepreneurial practices that are both sustainable and culturally grounded. Integrating traditional knowledge with modern development opportunities, particularly eco-tourism and community-based enterprises offers viable pathways for economic empowerment. Supportive policies are needed to facilitate equitable market access and preserve cultural heritage. Strengthening collaboration between indigenous communities, policymakers and external stakeholders is essential for creating resilient local economies that respect cultural identity and environmental values.